Introduction
Kavach is an Automatic Train Protection (ATP) system developed in India to enhance safety in train operations. It was created by the Research Design and Standards Organisation (RDSO) in collaboration with the Indian industry. The system is designed to prevent accidents and collisions by ensuring that trains do not pass signals when they are indicating danger.
Kavach is an advanced electronic system that meets Safety Integrity Level-4 (SIL-4) standards, which are internationally recognized safety standards. The Kavach system involves the integration of various technological and operational components to create a comprehensive safety framework. It automatically activates the train’s braking system if the driver fails to control the train according to speed restrictions. This helps to avoid accidents caused by overspeeding.
Another important feature of Kavach is its ability to prevent collisions between two trains equipped with functional Kavach systems. In emergency situations, the system can also send distress messages to alert authorities and facilitate prompt response.
Additionally, Kavach provides centralized live monitoring of train movements through the Network Monitor System. This allows for better management and coordination of train operations.
It is worth noting that Kavach is considered one of the most cost-effective SIL-4 certified technologies available, with a very low probability of error occurring, estimated at 1 in 10,000 years. Overall, Kavach plays a crucial role in ensuring the safety of train travel in India.
How does it works ?
Kavach works on railway systems by utilizing a combination of on-board equipment installed in locomotives and transmission towers at stations, along with Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) tags. This setup enables two-way communication between the station master and the train’s loco-pilot, facilitating the exchange of important information, including emergency messages.
Inside the cabin of the locomotive, there is an instrument panel that provides the loco-pilot with advanced knowledge of upcoming signals and speed restrictions without relying solely on visual sighting. This helps the loco-pilot maintain the appropriate speeds and adhere to the signal indications.
If a train disregards a red signal and ends up on the same track as another train, the Kavach system takes control automatically and applies sudden brakes, preventing a potential collision.
In the Kavach system, there are components installed both on the locomotive (on-board) and at the stations and tracksides. Here’s a breakdown of the key components in each location:
On-board (Locomotive):
- On-board Equipment: The locomotive is equipped with instrumentation and control systems that provide essential information to the loco-pilot. This includes data on signals, speed restrictions, and other relevant details necessary for safe train operation.
- Automatic Train Protection (ATP) System: The ATP system installed on the locomotive continuously monitors the train’s speed, position, and adherence to speed restrictions. If the train approaches a signal indicating danger or exceeds the permissible speed, the ATP system takes control and activates the braking system automatically to prevent accidents.
- Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) Tags: The locomotive is equipped with receivers that interact with RFID tags placed along the tracks. These tags provide real-time information to the on-board equipment about the train’s position, upcoming signals, and speed restrictions.
Stations and Tracksides:
- Transmission Towers: These towers are strategically located at railway stations and tracksides. They serve as communication points and facilitate two-way communication between the station master and the train’s loco-pilot. Important messages and instructions can be exchanged through these towers.
- Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) Tags: RFID tags are placed along the tracks at specific locations, such as signals and speed restriction zones. These tags interact with the on-board equipment to provide information about the train’s position and upcoming signals or speed restrictions.
- Network Monitor System: This system is typically implemented at centralized control centers or station control rooms. It allows authorities to monitor train movements, track locations, and manage train operations efficiently. The Network Monitor System provides a real-time overview of train positions and helps in coordinating train movements effectively.
By integrating components on-board the locomotive and at stations and tracksides, the Kavach system enables seamless communication, real-time data exchange, and automated safety measures to enhance train operation and prevent accidents on the railway network.
Another useful feature of Kavach is the activation of a hooter when the train approaches a level crossing. This serves as a valuable aid to loco-pilots, especially in foggy conditions with low visibility.
It’s important to note that the Kavach system may not be installed on all trains or railway lines yet. In the case of accidents where the Kavach system was not in place, the short reaction time and distance played a significant role, especially if the train was traveling at a high speed. In such situations, even the best technology may not be able to prevent accidents if an obstruction suddenly appears in front of a fast-moving train. This was evident in a recent incident, the Odisha train crash, where the Kavach system was not in place.
Overall, Kavach enhances safety on railway systems by providing timely information, automated braking in critical situations, and improved communication between the train and the station.
